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A Party is a Person or Organization and may have one or more Roles such as Customer, Supplier, Employee, etc. An organization using the system to manage and track operations is referred to as an Internal Organization (a Party with the Internal role). A Party may have multiple roles and may be associated in different roles with other records such as Orders, Payments, Work Efforts, etc.
An Order is an agreement between two parties (a Customer and a Vendor) for the exchange of goods or services for Payment or like kind exchange. These agreements go through various phases dependending on circumstances and may optionally go through prelimary statuses such as Quote Requested and Proposed by Vendor for Quoting. Eventually an Order is Placed by the Customer, Approved by the Vendor, and once fulfilled is Completed by the Vendor. For a Sales Order the Vendor is an Internal Organization, and for a Purchase Order the Customer is an Internal Organization. An Order may have multiple Parts to split it for fulfillment variations, multi-party agreements, and so on.
A Shipment represents a transfer of physical assets between locations. An Outgoing Shipment generally goes from an Origin Facility to a shipping address associated with the To Party. An Incoming Shipment generally goes from a shipping address associated with the From Party to a Destination Facility. A Transfer Shipment goes between two Facilities to move inventory, equipment, etc.
A Return represents the reversal of invoiced order items including products, fees, discounts, etc. The results of a Return may include a Return Shipment, Refund Payment, Credit Memo Invoice, Replacement Order, and so on. These can all exist indepdent of a Return but a Return is useful to tie these back to the original Order to better track what happened and why.
A Product is a model of anything you might buy, sell, use, store, etc. There are different types of Product for: physical goods (Assets) including inventory, equipment, and supplies; digital goods; good and facility usage; services; and others. An Asset represents a physical instance of a Product such as inventory, equipment, and supplies.
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An Invoice represents a financial claim between two Parties and has details in Invoice Items to represent what the claim is for. For a Payable Invoice the To Party is always an Internal Organization and for a Receivable Invoice the From Party is an Internal Organization. An Invoice is settled by applying a Payment or another Invoice (like a credit memo). A Credit Memo is a type of Invoice that is intended to be applied to another Invoice in lieu of payment and may be a Customer Credit Memo (payable) or a Supplier Credit Memo (receivable). The general rule for Payments and other Invoices that are applicable to an Invoice is that the From and To Parties must be reversed.
A Payment represents a transfer of funds From one Party and To another Party. An Incoming Payment is always To an Internal Organization and an Outgoing Payment is always From an Internal Organization. Each Payment has an Instrument for how the transfer was, or will be, done. A Payment may also have From and/or To Payment Methods representing specific bank accounts, credit cards, etc that are used for the transfer of funds. A Payment only represents the transfer of funds, not the details of why funds were transfered. A Payment may be applied to an Invoice to settle payables or receivables or to another Payment for refund of overpayment, etc.